Leukocytes Essays - Biology, Medicine, Anatomy, Cell Biology

Leukocytes Leukocytes and the leukocyte differential count To consider the leukocytes together as a group is something of a granfalloon, because each type of leukocyte has its own function and ontogeny semi-independent of the others. To measure the total leukocyte count and allow this term to mean anything to the doctor is a travesty, yet the wbc count has traditionally been considered a cardinal measurement in a routine laboratory workup for just about any condition. I cannot emphasize too much that to evaluate critically the hematologic status of a patient, one must consider the individual absolute counts of each of the leukocyte types rather than the total wbc count. For such a critical evaluation, the first step is to order a wbc count with differential. In many labs, the result will be reported as a relative differential, something like this: WBC 6000/?L segmented neutrophils 60% band neutrophils 2% lymphocytes 25% monocytes 8% eosinophils 3% basophils 2% Your first task is to multiply the wbc count by each of the percentages given for the cell types; this gives you an absolute differential. Now you're in business to get some idea as to the pathophysiologic status of the patient's blood and marrow. Thus, the illustration above becomes: WBC 6000/?L segmented neutrophils 3600/?L band neutrophils 120/?L lymphocytes 1500/?L monocytes 480/?L eosinophils 180/?L basophils 120/?L The total wbc count is invariably done using an automated method. Routinely, the differential count is done by hand (i.e., through the microscope) in smaller labs, and by automated methods in larger facilities. The automated methods are amazingly accurate, considering the fine distinctions that must often be made in discerning one type of leukocyte from the other. One manufacturer's machine can quite reliably pick out one leukemic blast cell in eight hundred or more leukocytes. Now we shall consider each of the leukocyte types individually. A. Neutrophils The most populous of the circulating white cells, they are also the most short lived in circulation. After production and release by the marrow, they only circulate for about eight hours before proceeding to the tissues (via diapedesis), where they live for about a week, if all goes well. They are produced as a response to acute body stress, whether from infection, infarction, trauma, emotional distress, or other noxious stimuli. When called to a site of injury, they phagocytose invaders and other undesirable substances and usually kill themselves in the act of doing in the bad guys. Normally, the circulating neutrophil series consists only of band neutrophils and segmented neutrophils, the latter being the most mature type. In stress situations (i.e., the acute phase reaction), earlier forms (usually no earlier than myelocytes) can be seen in the blood. This picture is called a left shift. The band count has been used as an indicator of acute stress. In practice, band counts tend to be less than reliable due to tremendous interobserver variability, even among seasoned medical technologists, in discriminating bands from segs by microscopy. Other morphologic clues to acute stress may be more helpful: in the acute phase reaction, any of the neutrophil forms may develop deep blue cytoplasmic granules, vacuoles, and vague blue cytoplasmic inclusions called D?hle bodies, which consist of aggregates of ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum. All of these features are easily seen (except possibly the D?hle bodies), even by neophytes. The normal range for neutrophil (band + seg) count is 1160 - 8300 /?L for blacks, and 1700 - 8100 /?L for other groups. Keeping in mind the lower expected low-end value for blacks will save you much time (and patients much expense and pain) over the course of your career. Obesity and cigarette smoking are associated an increased neutrophil count. It is said that for each pack per day of cigarettes smoked, the granulocyte count may be expected to rise by 1000 /?L. B. Monocytes These large cells are actually more closely related to neutrophils than are the other granulocytes, the basophil and eosinophil. Monocytes and neutrophils share the same stem cell. Monocytes are to histiocytes (or macrophages) what Bruce Wayne is to Batman. They are produced by the marrow, circulate for five to eight days, and then enter the tissues where they are mysteriously transformed into histiocytes. Here they serve

Fun Movie Titles in Japanese and English

Fun Movie Titles in Japanese and English The Japanese enjoy movies, eiga (æ˜  Ã§â€ »), very much. Unfortunately, it is a little bit expensive to see movies at the theater. It costs ~1800 yen for adults. Houga (é‚ ¦Ã§â€ ») are Japanese movies and youga (æ ´â€¹Ã§â€ ») are western movies. The famous Hollywood movie stars are popular in Japan as well. Girls love Reonarudo Dikapurio (Leonard Dicaprio) or Braddo Pitto (Brad Pitt), and they want to be like Juria Robaatsu (Julia Roberts). Their names are pronounced in a Japanese style because there are some English sounds that dont exist in Japanese (e.g. l, r, w). These foreign names are written in katakana. If you have ever had a chance to watch Japanese TV, you might be surprised to see these actors quite often in TV commercials, something you will almost never see in North America.   Japanese Movie Translations Some youga titles are literally translated like Eden no higashi (East of Eden) and Toubousha (The Fugitive). Some use English words as they are, though the pronunciation is slightly changed to the Japanese pronunciation. Rokkii (Rocky), Faago (Fargo), and Taitanikku (Titanic) are just a few examples. These titles are written in katakana because they are English words. This type of translation seems to be on the increase. This is because borrowed English is everywhere and the Japanese are likely to know more English words than before. The Japanese title of Youve got mail is Yuu gotta meeru (You got mail), using English words. With the rapid growth of personal computer and email use, this phrase is familiar to the Japanese as well. However, there is a slight difference between these two titles. Why have is missing from the Japanese title? Unlike English, Japanese has no present perfect tense. (I have got, You have read etc.) There are only two tenses in Japanese: present and past. Therefore present perfect tense is not familiar and confusing to the Japanese, even to those who know English. Thats probably why have is taken away from the Japanese title. Using English words is an easy way to translate, but it is not always possible. After all, they are different languages and have different cultural backgrounds. When titles are translated into Japanese, they are sometimes turned into totally different ones. These translations are clever, funny, strange, or confusing. The word used most often in the translated movie titles is probably ai(æ„›) or koi (æ â€¹), which both mean love. Click this link to learn about the difference between ai and koi. Below are the titles including these words. Japanese titles first, then original English titles. Titles Japanese titles(Literal English translations) English titles Ai ga kowareru toki(When love is broken) Sleeping with the Enemy Ai ni mayotta toki (When lost in love) Something to Talk About Ai no sentaku(The choice of love) Dying Young Ai to iu na no giwaku(The suspicion named love) Final Analysis Ai to kanashimi no hate(The end of love and sorrow) Out of Africa Ai to seishun no tabidachi(The departure of love and youth) An Officer and A Gentleman Ai to shi no aida de(In between love and death) Dead Again Ai wa shizukesa no naka ni(Love is in the silence) Children of a Lesser God Eien no ai ni ikite(Living in the lasting love) Shadow Lands Koi ni ochitara(When falling in love) Mad Dog and Glory Koi no yukue(The place love has gone) The Fabulous Baker Boys Renai shousetsuka(A romance novel writer) As Good As It Gets The funny thing is there is no word love in all these English titles. Does love attract more attentions to the Japanese? Whether you like it or not, you cant ignore the Zero Zero Seven (007) series. They are popular in Japan as well. Did you know that in the 1967s You Only Live Twice, Jeimusu Bondo (James Bond) went to Japan? There were two Japanese Bond girls and the Bond car was a Toyota 2000 GT. The Japanese title of this series is Zero zero sebun wa nido shinu (007 dies twice), which is slightly different from the original title You Only Live Twice. It is amazing that it was shot in Japan in 60s. The views of Japan are not quiet right sometimes, however, you could almost enjoy it as a comedy. In fact, a few scenes were parodied in Oosutin Pawaazu (Austin Powers). We have had the lesson about yoji-jukugo (four character kanji compounds). Kiki-ippatsu (Ã¥  ±Ã¦ ©Å¸Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã© « ª) is one of them. It means in the nick of time and is written as below (see #1). Because 007 always escapes from danger at the last moment, this expression was used in the description for 007 movies. When it is written, one of the kanji characters (patsu é « ª) is replaced witha different kanji character (ç™ º) that has the same pronunciation (see #2). These phrases are both pronounced as kiki-ippatsu. However, the kanji patsu é « ª of #1 means hair which comes from to hang by hair, and #2 ç™ º means a shot from a gun. Phrase #2 was made up as a parodied word that has two meanings in botits reading and writing (007 escapes in the nick of time with his gun). Because of the movies popularity, some Japanese miswrite it as #2. (1)Ã¥  ±Ã¦ ©Å¸Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã© « ª(2)Ã¥  ±Ã¦ ©Å¸Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã§â„¢ º