Main Habitats Of The New Forest Environmental Sciences Essay

IntroductionThe New Forest is a palimpseste slate land which has been rewritten clip and clip once more it has therefore created a mosaic like construction of different home grounds. It was constituted as a royal runing land in Hampshire by William the Conqueror in the eleventh century. It is the largest staying country of enclosed heath, grazing land and wood in South England. The Crown still today owns most of the land of the New Forest. William the Conqueror enforced many Torahs on how the land was to be used by the local dwellers. Timess were difficult for the common people they were independently restricted in what they could works and graze on the land. In 1698 the people of the land gained commoning rights by the Crown. When the Commoning rights were given a tribunal was set in topographic point the Verderers tribunal and it had many functions to play within the New Forest ; to pull off and protect agricultural patterns, to continue its alone landscape, zoology and vegetation and to prolong it for the future coevalss. There are three chief rivers in the New Forest portion of the Hampshire basin which drain to the south the Avon, Lymington and the Beaulieu. All of which shape the land flower stalk. The geology besides plays a portion in the New forest which I will explicate in more depth subsequently. The New Forest covers 571 km2 with 118 km2 being heathland and grassland, 33 km2 wet heath and 84 km2 tree plantations planted in the 1700s. Many restrictions and regulations set by the Crown are still in topographic point today to pull off the land. The New Forest has been a site of involvement for a long clip and the wish to continue it. It has gone through many phases of categorization such as a SSSI, World Heritage, to eventually a National Park the highest degree of protection in 2005. It was awarded this position due to its alone home grounds and linked to this the zoology and vegetation. It has 75 % of Europe & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s low prevarication quags ( bogs ) and 40 % of western Europe & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s heathland in fact 50 % of the New Forest is woodland enclosures. Within the New Forest there is 46 works species which are international rare and many types of animate beings from lizards to the usual ponies, cervid, cowss and hogs. All of these factors shape the land in how it is managed and what they need to continue. During a recent field trip made by the Geography and Environmental Science pupils of the University of Greenwich, six chief home grounds were identified within the New Forest: Grassland/lawns, Heath, Woodland, Mires, Settlements/agricultural lands and a portion of the seashore. All of these home grounds are managed in some manner normally be an interested administration of the New Forest.Grassland and Forest LawnsAcidic Grasslan d in the New Forest is really common and is found along hill sides and at the patio. The key to this is through the geology of the land, the New Forest lies within the Hampshire Basin. Due to this most of the sedimentations of dirt have a sand like construction overlaid by acidic alimentary hapless dirt therefore any rainfall and foods are absorbed rapidly and lost through drainage, the land is really porous in these countries. The dominant workss of this home ground are thick Bracken gown, Bristle-bent grass and Heather. Forest Lawns in the New Forest frequently occur near a H2O beginning e.g. a watercourse. These countries are really level and merely cover a little sum of land inside the New Forest. Yet this home ground is the most utile for croping therefore of import for the 500 practicing common mans today. Deluging in the winter provides the dirts with the of import foods to maintain the flora healthy and to be able to turn back rapidly. The flora can to an extent become immune to croping from animate beings such as cowss, ponies and cervid so over graze can assist this home ground remain managed and be utile. Vegetation in this home ground includes Herbs and Grasses of a broad scope.ManagementThese home grounds are linked and both managed by the Forestry Commission. Bracken can turn rapidly and is really dominant over other species such as ling so every twelvemonth the Commission takes on controlled combustion of furze and ling. The foods from this combustion helps maintain the dirt healthy and therefore encourages growing on the acidic land. The Pteridium esculentum is harvested in the summer months to halt them smothering the workss beneath them when they wilt subsequently on in the twelvemonth. The Pteridium esculentum is so sold to local concerns in the country.HeathThe New Forest has the largest country of Heathland in Europe. The dry countries along the tops of the hills are dominated by Heather and Gorse the diverseness of these workss is low. It is peculiarly of import to reptilians and many types of birds. In fact the rare Smooth serpent is found in good Numberss due to the heathland in the New Forest is being protected. The rich Lichen communities a type of flora has a big diverseness and is of import to the invertebrates in this home ground. On low lying depressions and valley side that incline gently wet heath workss can be found. The land in these countries is more concentrated and workss such as the Purple-moor grass are widespread.https: //encrypted-tbn0.gs tatic.com/images? q=tbn: ANd9GcT-z-sYPl6IXiz6TF5G4n2EovbqJVElYOkLVROzdvYrdvycUg1IpQManagementThis home ground is managed by the Forestry Commission non merely does controlled combustion encourages the growing of flora it besides protects other home grounds from being endangered. Woodland enclosures sprout across this habitat portion of the mosaic form, yet if the heathland was left to go overgrown the hazard of wild fires would increase. Heathland flora is really dry and can catch fire easy and distribute. Many forest enclosures are really old dating back to the 1700 & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s and they are a portion of some delicate ecosystems which are rare.ForestThe New wood has a few types of different forest home grounds largely determined by the trees either cone-bearing or deciduous or a mixture. Ancient grazing land forest is unenclosed countries where animate beings such as ponies, cowss and cervid can crop. The trees are allowed to turn, dice and disintegrate of course wit hout human intercession ; the dominant species are Oak and Beech both of which are deciduous trees. ) Beech is normally found in the desiccant countries where dirt is non rich in foods plenty for Oak and other species to turn. In wetter countries with poorer drainage Oaks are the dominant coinage with a mix of Beech, Ash, Yew and Birch. Yew is a cone-bearing tree significance this type of forest has a broad assortment of tree species.ManagementThe forest committee manages this home ground by cutting back holly when it becomes overgrown to halt it stamp downing other species.http: //sphotos-f.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-ash4/421087_10151267495520681_2055721702_n.jpg On a recent field trip made by the Geography and Environmental Science pupils of the University of Greenwich it was observed that some forest countries are manmade due to the trees holding been planted in lines with even spacing. It was besides noticed that similar species were all planted in the same country and that there was non a random fluctuation of species that would otherwise occur in a natural environment.ManagementThese woodland countries are managed by the common mans and the Forestry committee, the Forestry committee cut the tree subdivisions so nil grows underneath the upper canopy. This has left a noticeable spread between the trees high subdivisions and the forest floor. The common mans have their animate beings graze in these countries the animate beings stop works species on the land growth and going excessively thick to pull off. Birch and Oak mix forest are found in spots on the Heathland these are by and large the enclosed countries. They have been enclosed to halt the trees distributing farther into the grassland and it to protect the enclosed forest ecosystem from croping animate beings. Birds like the Wood Pecker, Nuthatch and Tree creeper are found in these grazing land forest.ManagementThis Habitat is managed by the forestry committee the program is to increase these enclosures across the New Forest.MiresThere are 120 Mires in Western Europe 90 of which are located in the New Forest. They are located at the underside of the vales and the inclines the dirt is for good saturated. When dirt is H2O logged organic affair does non interrupt down like it would if the dirt was dry. The organic affair amasses over clip and is eventually laid down as peat. As the peat construct up it creates an about solid surface drifting on top of H2O, workss can so turn on this top bed. The workss are mosses, white beaked sed ge and asphodel these can turn rapidly due to alimentary rich dirt gained from H2O being drained from the environing stones and dirts. The quags have somewhat different home grounds within its ain system, towards the border the dirts have a poorer make up of foods so workss such as daily dews grow here. Towards the Centre where the dirt is really rich bog Vinca minor and violet moor-grass grows. At some of the larger mires up to 150 different types of works species can be found.ManagementThe forestry committee manages this home ground they are responsible for Restoration undertakings to profit the wildlife in this ecosystem.CoastThe New Forest besides contains 26 stat mis of coastline a portion of this home ground includes shingle beaches these beaches and there spits support a big scope of Marine workss and animate beings. The shake beaches are of import for migratory birds as a genteelness country, such as the black-headed chump and tern. hypertext transfer protocol: //sphotos-f.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc7/315601_10151267498640681_1471067524_n.jpgManagementIn the New Forest some of the low drops and shake beaches are being managed but non in the traditional sense where tongues and other sea defense mechanisms one time stood, they have been left to go out-of-date and overpowered by the sea and are now efficaciously useless. These countries have weak drops were changeless eroding is taking topographic point. The drops have now been left to gnaw of course and no defense mechanisms are to be put into topographic point.HazardsThe New Forest was the last topographic point of specific involvement to go a National Park in the UK. It was granted this protection due to lifting hazards from many parts. The population denseness of the country is now 34 000 this is because during the 70s to 80s there was a rise in substructure development. The land the New Forest is on is really easy to construct upon, level land and soft dirts. Not merely has the population risen but the figure of tourers has increased on norm there are 13.5 million visitants yearly of which 96 % thrust to the New Forest to curtail fig ure of visitants and pollution from the autos the New Forest has merely 135 auto Parkss. The figure of visitants to the New Forest has been good for local concerns and helped turn local towns such as Lyndhurst into a king protea site, conveying in more of a assortment in stores and increased the criterion of life. This knock on consequence has provided 2451 direct occupations to the New Forest. It is estimated that 110 million lbs is spent by visitants yearly and 72 million if you take into history escape. Yet with all these positive impacts they besides bring negatives issues such as traffic 2nd places have been bought intending belongings monetary values have increased. Stock in stores can go sold out really rapidly and due to the increasing disbursals to populate in the country merely 500 practising common mans still exist. This has created a clang between the local & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s civilization and history vs. tourers demands. Tourism and an addition in population are non the lone hazards for the New Forest Climate alteration is a factor which will come into drama in the hereafter. With lifting sea degrees the coastal part of the New Forest will gnaw really rapidly altering the home ground. As the regional temperature changes the heathland home ground will go to dry attention deficit disorder in the hapless alimentary dirt the workss will shrivel and be more vulnerable to deceasing. All wonts will be affected in some manner due to climate alteration this is due to frequence and sum of rainfall. Some countries will go excessively afloat and other countries the foods in the dirt will be washed off excessively often for it to hold a positive consequence on a home ground.DecisionIn decision the New Forest is a really of import country for its assorted rare home grounds and to back up the significance of the New Forest it has been awarded National Park position. Yet like most rare home grounds they are besides the most vulnerable to alterations in clime and land usage. The direction of the New Forest comprises of many complex beds to suit the demand of many interested parties non merely does it necessitate to provide for tourers and administrations. The direction must besides recognize and integrate the of import cultural significance and patterns for the locals.

Evaluate factors that influenced the effectiveness of each interaction Essay

In this piece of coursework I will be analysing and evaluating the factors that influence the effectiveness of each interaction in relation to the one to one set at a GP’s for a patient that has really bad back pains and is complaining about how sharp the pain is. I based the one to one interaction on a patient with back problems and they’ve come to the GP’s for something to be given to them. I thought of this because it’s something I went through and I thought it would be nice to let people know what process I went through and how hard it was. The first factor, I thought that influenced the one to one interaction was the patient and doctor taking turns while talking and not interrupting. Turn taking is a major factor that involves our everyday lifestyle and it’s helpful because you know you will get a turn at having your own say. Turn taking helps out a lot especially if you are with younger children or at a GP. For example, the patient came to her doctor and she told her doctor what was wrong with her and how much she’s in pain, the doctor listened to her while she was talking and didn’t ask questions until she finished talking then, the doctor answered all her questions and asked her own questions trying to figure out what was wrong about that patient and what actions will need to be taken for the patient to feel better. Towards the end the doctor referred the patient to her local hospital for an x-ray to see what’s going on. What’s good about turn taking is that everyone listens to each other and you don’t get interrupted also you know you’ll have enough time to talk while others have a chance to think about questions to ask you. The second factor I realised that influenced the one to one interaction was listening. Listening is letting people talk and you concentrating on just what they are saying, listening is a very important communication skill because if you don’t listen you may misunderstand something which may leads you to thinking differently and feeling insecure. Read more: Describe factors which may influence children’s development essay Listening was one factor that influenced the one to one interaction because if one of us didn’t listen while the other person was talking we may have not heard what they were saying or concentrated enough to understand what they were saying which can lead to giving wrong answers which could be a problem to the persons health that’s why when others are talking you always have to listen. For example, in the one to one interaction Emily was my partner and she helped me concentrate listening to  her because little things distract me easily so I had to make sure I listened to her also, we had our script which was used as a prop if we missed out something we carried on listening to each other while looking at what was said to not give the wrong answer. We listened to each other because we knew how important listening is and we were successful at getting through the one to one interaction without not knowing what was going on because we listened to each other. The third factor that also had an influence on the one to one interaction was respect towards each other. Respecting each other shows you give them pride and you are happy about what they are saying or doing also, respect comes from learning to care about people from older ages because we have to respect people to get along with life if we don’t respect then there could be consequences. Respect is very important because we all have to respect everyone no matter what their race, gender, age or features are we have to because we live in a society that moves with respect. For example, if we didn’t respect the army that looks after the country for losing their lives to make the world a much happier place and for us to be safe then that will be a major consequence because what’s the point of those people dying for us if we can’t have a little respect for them. The reason why I thought respect had a influence in the one to one interaction was because if we didnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t respect each other we wouldn’t have been able to understand each other and we wouldn’t have been able to do the doctor and patient script because a doctor always has to respect their patients no matter what happens they have to so does the patient too. An example of this would be, when the patient walked into the room I felt the respect from the patient by the way they answered me and facial expressions. This had a big impact on the interaction because it made it less awkward to talk with the patient and not only was the patient comfortable with asking questions to do with her illness but as a doctor being able to have enough respect from a patient to ask them what areas of the back hurts and being able to have a look at the patients back to check what’s wrong. The last factor that had an influence on the interaction was how professional I was. Being professional can be difficult because if you’ve always been in an environment that’s unprofessional and you don’t know where to use what language that can be an issue. So being professional was key in this interaction because I was a person that had a reputation,  that had power to help people and look after them. If I didn’t act professional the patient could have not taken me serious but I did. The reason why being professional was an influence in the interaction because I realised the more professional you are no matter where you are you will always be looked up to and that’s why I thought it was an influence because it made the patient feel secure with me, it made the patient understand no matter what happens I will always be supporting the patient which would make both of us happy. For example, the minute the patient knocked on the door I dropped everything I was doing and stood up and shock the hand then I made the patient feel welcomed and asked how they were then they started explaining what the problem was and the actions I was doing showed I was professional.

Should Parents be Subjected to Licencing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Should Parents be Subjected to Licencing - Essay Example In the hands of parents lie their children’s future because how they mold their children will create a great impact on the children’s lives. LaFollette has argued that a license is necessary when the activity to be engaged upon is potentially harmful to others. Much like a driver needs to secure a driver’s license before driving a car because driving is potentially harmful to others, parenting is argued to likewise be potentially harmful to children especially if the parents are not qualified to raise them (183). The second argument for a licensing program for parents is that their competence should be proven in order to ensure a safe performance of their duties as parents (183). What if they are not adept in caring for another individual, especially a young child who is totally dependent on them for all his needs? What if they do not have what it takes to equip the children with the necessary skills to survive when they grow up and go out into the world? What wo uld become of these children? A third argument for licensing is that there should be a reliable procedure for testing such competence (184). LaFollette explains that when the first two arguments are met, that of parenting being potentially harmful indeed to others especially to children, and that the parents’ competence is questionable, then parents become legitimate subjects for licensing. If all three arguments are met, then it becomes imperative to issue licenses to qualified parents. Since children are highly valued by society, their welfare is given utmost consideration. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) declares that "the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth" (Article 2.2), Article 2.2 further details, â€Å"States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child's parents, legal guardians, or family members.† This implies that if children are left in the hands of irresponsible parents, then the state will do everything to protect children from any potential harm that may be inflicted by such parents. This is to ensure that they will be kept safe and put in an environment where they can grow and develop into well-adjusted and healthy individuals that can be productive and contributory citizens to society in the future. Studies have shown that children who grew up under abusive or negligent parents have strong tendencies to develop the same behaviors with their own children due to the constant exposure they got when they were young. Anda et al (2005:174) discussed in their study that the traumatic experiences of abused or neglected children often stays on with the victims into adulthood. Some children may never fully recover from the trauma, resulting in lifelong depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. Other individuals may be predisposed to engage in prostitution, pornography, drug abuse, or crime. The long-term consequences of child maltreatment can be so devastating that it has been called "soul murder" (Shengold, 1989:43). In order to prevent this, Article 19 of the UNCRC requires that â€Å"

Financial strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial strategy - Essay Example In the recent past, companies are adopting the value based management approach which is a formal systematic approach used in managing companies with an aim of achieving the objective of maximizing value creation and shareholder value (Chapman, Hopwood, & Shields, 2009, p. 1248). Value based management focuses on the key drivers of value thus helping companies achieve their objectives (Starovic, Cooper, & Davis, 2004, 2004, p.15-17). Increasing focus on core competencies has forced companies to outsource some services to ensure that they remain relevant in terms of their revenues and expenditure in comparison with their competitors. Knowing a company’s position is important because it is useful in defining and redefining strategies to improve profit margins and to capitalize on company’s strengths to enhance shareholder value creation (Starovic, Cooper, & Davis, 2004, 2004, p.10-17). Various methods have been used to measure the shareholder’s value but the most co mmonly used are the profitability analysis, Strategic Profit Mode (SPM), and the Economic Value Added (EVA) method. One of the common methods used to measure profitability is Return On Capital Employed (ROCE) which is the operating profit after tax divide by the net capital employed. However, a major criticism on this method is that it does not measure operating profits and capital employed the way investors do. Investors are concerned about economic profits and the amount of debt and equity invested in the business but these amounts may disagree with those used in company’s financial statements because of the accounting practices in use. For instance, accounting reserves which have to be accounted for in financial statements tend to understate economic profits and the amount of equity capital actually invested in the business. ROCE provides little guidance on the profitability level because of its shortcomings. Given the shortcomings of ROCE, SPM and EVA models are preferred because they enable the company to focus on shareholder value and provide a long-term orientation in their analysis. SPM and EVA are reliable, consistent, and therefore preferred over ROCE method. The Strategic Profit Model (SPM) measures the Return On Net Worth (RONW) of a company which is a tool used to measure the changes in the shareholder value in an organization. RONW is made of three components, which include net profit, asset turnover, and financial leverage. These components are used in the calculation of RONW and they can be controlled by the managers of a company (Viswanadham and Luthra, 2005, p.478). Net profit is the difference between sales and expenses and from it net profit margin is calculated which measures how efficiently a company manufactures and sells its products. Net profit margin is the net profit as a percentage of sales. Asset turnover is the sales divided by the total assets of a company and it shows how efficiently a company employs its assets to achiev e a given level of sales. The Return On Assets (ROA) is arrived at by multiplying the net profit margin with the asset turnover and it relates the profitability of a company to the value of assets employed. The financial leverage of a company provides the relationship between the total

Research legal specialty software Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research legal specialty software - Essay Example It has several features that are user friendly to the attorneys and they adhere to the Law Practice Optimization (LPO) guidelines. Some of the features that are useful in a law office and are provided by the Legal Assistant software program include but are not limited to: an optimized workflow of case management, billing, it has client management and time management, it customizes documents to fit an individual’s style, the software automatically generates letters and distributes them through either soft or hard copy, it also has several modules for the different legal practice areas. The best feature of all for those with limited office time is that it is compatible with other Microsoft Office features and hence no need to keep on migrating to look for those features. It is as effective as a paralegal (http://www.thelegalassistant.com/). Since this software program is developed by Attorneys, it is cost friendly for those who want to purchase. For the legal firms which are just starting or have limited cash flow, the software can be rented at low monthly charges of around $75. This software does not require to be installed in each computer in the office. It can be installed in one and then networking of the other PCs enable the access and usage of the software to the other individuals in the office. This is a benefit no other software program has and is also cost effective to the legal firms (Cornick,

Discuss a detail summary of chapters 3, 4, and 5 in the book The Essay

Discuss a detail summary of chapters 3, 4, and 5 in the book The Economics of Women, Men, and Work, Blau, Ferber, & Winkler, 6 - Essay Example In this book, the gender roles and issues has been covered extensively in both the workplace and the family as one economic unit, shifting roles in this varying economy, the distribution of time to the workplace and the family, and the gender differences in diverse economies. In this book, the excellent picture of the dispersion of gender in an average family structure and the working culture is manifested. This is one of the most famous and popular books on the subject of socio-economic science, which have been of great help to the study of the scholars as well as educating the general people. In this paper, we are going to look at three specific chapters, viz. chapter 3, 4 and 5, from the book. These three chapters teach about the family as an economic unit, allocation of time between labor market and family, and an overview of differences in occupations and the respective earnings. Chapter 3: Family as an economic unit In the chapter three, the most important subject of discussion was the neoclassical economics. Neoclassical economics deals with the theory that economic constraints actually lead to sustained and steady growth, where the ratio of the capital to every micro economical unit is constrained. In this case, we are talking about the family economic unit. Along with that, topics of specialization and exchange have been conferred in detail. The chapter has also shown the economic consequences of marriage along with the various ways of how a family can work to maximize their economic bargaining power. This chapter deals with sociology, psychology and economics in a household, and provides a great depth into the workings of the regular life. Chapter 4: Allocation of time between family and workplace In the fourth chapter, it starts discussing with the definition of labor market, types of labor market, dispositions of any labor market, and the general work culture. It also discussed various issues such as the market time, the non-market, their significan ces, their advantages and disadvantages, and their effect on the household life. Labor working hours trends have been dedicated a full section for this purpose. But the primary focus of this chapter is the surge of women in the labor force. It started during the World War II, and since then, the general gender structure in an ordinary workplace has tremendously changed over the time – married mothers with older children after the World War, married mothers with younger children in the 1960s-80s, and single and unmarried women in 1990s-2000s. It has taken a huge leap towards the liberalization and increased participation of women in the work force. Even the employment disparities of the black community are discussed in detail. Chapter 5: Differences in occupations and the respective earnings Although the name of the chapter gives an impression that it is focused on the various occupations, and the possibilities of income respectively, the chapter deals with something more than that. It starts with the definition of human capital, and then steers off to the gender biases in the field of human capital investment. Whether in the field of education, job trainings or occupations, there have always been significant biases against certain genders. In this chapter, it strives to throw light on that aspect of education and occupation. Though it can be said that the most part of the chapter

Juvenile Delinquency Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Juvenile Delinquency - Assignment Example These experimentations usually lead them to engaging in at least one illegal demeanor like drinking or disobeying their parents. Some minors get caught and penalized for their illegal behavior while others remain unpunished. It leaves an impression as to what delinquent behaviors are punishable and forgivable? Sadly, its legal definition does not provide a clear distinction as to who are being caught and freed for engaging in illegal behavior. Response to Question #2: Different states have different age limits that help them determine whether an offender will be subjected to a juvenile court jurisdiction or to the jurisdiction of adult court. On average, once individuals reach the age of 18, they already are considered adults and therefore get tried in an adult court jurisdiction. The main concern here, however, is that it is difficult to quantify the level of maturity and cognitive capability of a person. Indeed, an individual can be 18 years old but it does not mean that he/she alr eady has the mental capacity and maturity of an adult. Another problem with using age as the fundamental determinant of adulthood is that it generalizes the social and psychological development of all youths. It fails to look at the differences of young individuals, specifically differences in their experiences, rate of development, and learning ability. Response to Question #3: The very system of juvenile justice varies in different states hence it is a great challenge to provide a description of it that would apply nationwide. The lack of uniformity in juvenile delinquency law in different states in America makes it difficult to standardized juvenile justice practices in the country. Consider that every state has different age definition of who can be considered juveniles. In addition, each state has its own way of handling or preventing certain juvenile behaviors because of people’s differences in their social, political, and economic circumstances. In some states, for ins tance, shoplifting is already a violation of the law and therefore merits a certain punishment. On the contrary, other states which are more tolerant about their juvenile delinquency law might have a different response to a person who commits the same offense. Moreover, although the law on juvenile delinquency is already in situ, local officers within juvenile justice still have their freedom to choose how to respond on a certain juvenile behavior. Response to Question #4: Since the subject of juvenile delinquency mainly concerns about the youths’ present life and future, the public throughout time fundamentally perceives it as an important social and political problem that needs to be looked closely and addressed. Most people believe that juvenile crime incidences are rapidly increasing and, therefore, need to be taken care of in tougher ways. Although the public’s perception is almost always unsupported, they are able influence juvenile justice in one way or another. Normally, the insights of the public about juvenile crime leads to a certain change in the way local governments respond to delinquency problem. Response to Question #5: Based on the UCR information provided in the text, juvenile

FAMILY LAW - [Debate] This house believes that English law should be Essay

FAMILY LAW - [Debate] This house believes that English law should be amended to permit same-sex couples to - Essay Example Therefore, this means that the state or county is liable for the successful implementation of the rights that are required by the common citizens so that the people can conduct these marriages and register their marriages through proper law. With the introduction of the act of defense of marriage, the people found it easy somehow and got a way clear on how to go about and encounter various problems and issues because this act was clear in its order that marriage by definition was the union of a man with a woman. So the people were aware that what type of struggle was coming their way for getting their points transferred successfully in the upper houses of the United Kingdom. Moreover, at the present time there is no dedicated agency that has recognition on government level for this same sex marriage that people have forced for legalization. Those people who agree to the point that the law of United Kingdom should be amended to permit the same sex marriage present various reasons in t heir favor. The very first point that they put forward is that if at any moment of time, any place in the country, if two people are having a relationship, then it is not the job of the government to know about and furthermore intervene into their relationship and label it illegal. These people should have their own rights equal as other citizens, and therefore there is need to have a definition of the nature and the extent of relationship that these couples can have legally. The same sex marriage advocates are of the view that their points and issues should be addressed and therefore the government should include the interests and recognition of the appropriate and committed people in their relationship and thus their rights to be respected by everyone. Therefore, if the laws of the UK are amended for stabilizing and legalizing the same sex marriage then simultaneously there would result in reduction in the need of the society to support these people and to treat them artificially. The people in the society mainly ensure that each of the spouses of the couple has got appropriate safety and thus an argument presented by the supporters of the same sex marriage there is practically no difference in the abilities possessed by the same sex and the opposite sex in fulfilling their commitments about anything they are suppose to do. An argument that arises due to the belief of the government to be involved in the marriage is that the issues that usually come forth due to the sexual acts between men and women and these people are of the view that the education of the children is well carried about if they live among their biological parents but at the same time there is much less chances of conflicts in same sex marriage as compared to opposite sex marriage. With all the points put forward by the advocates of the same sex marriage, the other point of view that goes against this type of marriage are also there. These people argue that the society of the United Kingdom that we live in encourages the legal marriages that is they prefer the monogamy type of marriage as they are of

Book review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Book review - Essay Example The book gives a detailed of various stages of achieving this innovative mind. Furthermore, the book explains how various strategies can be geared towards adopting these characters and can beat nay-sayers who asphyxiate innovation. Through critical assessment, the book provides an insight into creating a culture of innovation that through analysis a process that needs fewer organizational heroes and more systematic technique or approaches. This can be attributed to the fact that many businesses today operate in a competitive and dynamic world, and proper and calculated strategies are a surest way to effective innovation. One can agree with Tom Kelley that assigning roles, as opposed to systems, is a breakthrough that no a system engineer or accountant would consider. One can also agree that the book Ten Faces of Innovation is a perfect guide for innovation like no other. What is most noteworthy and unique is the book addressing of design sector as an inherently collaborative network. The book has uniquely identified the sector as an area where multidisciplinary professionals labor together to provide a solution to a problem. Moreover, the book unique portrayal of design thinking as a key component used by other businesses is noteworthy. The book states that it is common practice for many designers who take a user-centered techniques to their work, to co-design together with their user group or combine forces with complementary fields (engineers, anthropologists, psychologists) to attain a more thorough and considered solution. The book surprisingly aims to share with the writers the key to successful, innovative strategies in various organizations. After reading the work, there are a lot that one can learn from the opinions provided by Tom Kelley. There is a lot that one may learn from the book as it offers full of encouraging practical tools and anecdotes; Tom Kelley

The Moving Image Essay Example for Free

The Moving Image Essay I will be looking closely at two particular programmes involving families: The Simpsons (Homer Alone) and The Royle Family (Sunday Dinner) both families have been labelled dysfunctional yet both programmes have attracted huge TV audiences. I will be comparing the portrayal of family life in both these programmes and will try to account for their popularity. The Simpsons is an American cartoon set in Springfield. The family consists of: Homer and Marge whom are married and parents to Bart, Maggie and Lisa. In the episode Homer Alone Marge is feeling depressed because the rest of the family depend on her to do everything for them, she is feeling under a lot of pressure. After a while she decided shes had enough of doing everything for the rest of the family, therefore, she drives her car across the motorway and remains inside the car when it is parked up. This results in other motorists having no access to the road. By doing this act Marge soon gets noticed. Police cars and reporters arrive questioning Marge about the event. Soon after Homer arrives announcing that he loves her and wants her to come home to her family. It works; she comes out of the car and goes home. After a long think she decided she needs a break to get away from everything for a short while, she needed to clear her mind. So the next day she goes away for a while, and leaves the rest of the family behind. Bart and Lisa went to stay with their aunties, whereas Maggie is left with Homer. During the short period of time when Homer was responsible for Maggie, he manages to lose her! He finally finds her just prior to the return of Marge. The Royle Family is a British sit-com set in Manchester. The family consists of Jim and Barbara, the parents to Denise and Anthony. Norma, the mother to Barbara, Dave, Denises boyfriend and Twiggy a family friend. In the episode Sunday Dinner the family is round at the Royles house for their Sunday dinner. Jim and Dave are late as usual due to them being at the pub. At the pub Jim invites Twiggy back round to their house to join them for Sunday dinner without consulting Barbara. They eat lunch and chat about usual family issues. When an audience sit down to watch a cartoon, for example The Simpsons, they expect it to be funny and continuously revolving around a family or a group of friends. It is usually set in the same village or area. Cartoons are usually played on set days during the week and last the same period of time, it usually tends to be a short amount of time, ranging from 20-30 minutes. Cartoons have a very busy atmosphere, there are barely any moments when nothing is happening or no-one is speaking. The appearance of a cartoon character is often very different to human beings. In The Simpsons the characters have yellow skin and hair that remains exactly the same all the time. The Simpsons is a very typical cartoon. The characters are abnormal as they have yellow skin and are not real people. The colours are very bright and unrealistic, for example the sky is all blue apart from a few clouds which are just white. Music is used very frequently throughout cartoons. In The Simpsons music is used to create an effect on the event or character to make the audience have opinions of the situation. For example, we see Bart in detention, therefore we automatically suspect him to be quite mischievous. The beat of the music would fit in with the atmosphere of the event. When an audience sit down to watch a sit-com they would expect a television series usually lasting about an hour. It would feature the reactions of a regular cast of everyday, realistic characters to unusual situations, such as misunderstandings or embarrassing coincidences. The Royle Family is a typical sit-com because it has people playing characters which relate closely to everyday life. The characters are involved in common situations and the language they use to speak to each other is very informal, they use slang words and occasionally swear. The cameras are hand-held which gives a real-life feeling and no added lighting or special effects have been used. The clips shown are not always the best, clearest quality picture which you would get in a top quality DVD. They are just what you would expect to see when using a video camera. An opening sequence to a programme acts like an overture it has a dramatic effect on the audience. After watching the opening sequence you may think that the programme is going to be boring and not worth watching. Your viewing of the opening sequence depends on whether it appeals to you or not. Usually if the opening sequence doesnt appeal to you, you decide against watching it. It gives a taster of the programme and shows the type of programme that it is and a little about the characters involved. The opening sequence of The Simpsons begins with clouds across the screen and a bright blue sky. The title The Simpsons appears across the screen in bright yellow bubble writing. This already suggests that it is a cartoon because the writing it bubbly bright and colourful. The camera then zooms into the letter P to show a birds-eye view of Springfield, it is very colourful. You can be definite that it is a cartoon now because the village is in two dimensional form not three dimensional and all the buildings are blue or purple. The first character to be introduced is Bart; he has yellow skin and hair. Hes in detention writing on the black board which immediately gives us the impression that hes mischievous. As soon as the bell goes, he rushes out of school as quickly as possible. We then meet Homer; he is working with radioactive materials at his work and as soon as his bell goes he rushes out to go home as soon as possible being extremely careless as he leaves. Marge and Maggie are then in the car on the way home. Lisa is at band practice, she is playing her instrument proudly. We then go back to see Marge and Maggie in the car, Marge obviously has a big influence on Maggie because she copies everything she does. When Marge beeps her horn so does Maggie. She has her own toy steering wheel in the passenger seat, she steers exactly the same ways as Marge pretending to be driving just like her mum. The credits appear and the programme begins. In the opening sequence there are 23 shots of different situations in a short time of one minute and fourteen seconds. During a cartoon there are never silences or gaps, something is always happening. During the opening sequence of the The Royle Family the background is dark blue and it is set in the Royles living room. The family members are introduced one by one with them sitting on the sofa. The way they are introduced is exactly how they are throughout the sitcom. Jim is sat on his own chair in full view of the TV. Everyone else has a seat on the sofa except for Anthony, who is left to sit on the floor by himself. The music throughout the opening sequence is Oasis half the world away. This song could be used to suggest that there is one world inside the Royles house and the outside world is something completely different from their own. The lighting is just plain and ordinary like everyday life, no brighter or duller colours have been added for any special effects. Characters are very similar in both programmes in different ways. There are few characters living and working together, there will be extra minor characters put into the programme on odd occasions. The characters in both programmes can express their personality without informing us about themselves; it is easy to tell their opinions through watching their actions and reactions. Marge, in The Simpsons is similar in character to Barbara in The Royle Family. They are both the person in each family whom keeps them together; they do everything for the family, and receive little in return. They dont get appreciated enough from the rest of the family. Just Also, we have Homer and Jim who are alike in many ways. They are both idle and expect everything to be done for them by their wives. They can be very rude and inconsiderate to the rest of their family. Jim makes several complaints to Barbara about her cooking, he makes jokes about other people in the room but will not accept rude remarks made about him. Homer expects Marge to do everything for him; she makes his sandwiches in the morning, goes to the shop with his bowling bowl straight after, food shops for the family. In Homer Alone Bart and Lisa make it clear that they dont get on in the beginning, but as time goes on we see them holding hands in fear whilst at their aunties house. This shows that they do love it each other but dont show it until they need to. Denise and Anthony act in exactly the same way at Bart and Lisa. Both The Simpsons and The Royle Family have been labelled as dysfunctional, however, I do not agree with this. I believe that a real family should consist of whom they are closest to. It could include friends and animals! Each family member should respect each other and support them whenever they require it most. They will stick by each other no matter what and rely each other to help them through tough situations. Some families dont show their love and support for one another until a real crisis occurs but you can be sure that they will be there for you. I think that both The Simpsons and The Royle Family are not dysfunctional. They act as if they dont care about each other but that changes when it comes down to it. The Simpsons dont realise how close they are until Marge goes away, when she returns the family all sleep in the same bed and discuss how much they have all missed her and how bad life could be without her. In The Royle Family they all ask about each other and are interested in each other as soon as Twiggy leaves they all talk about him as if he wasnt part of their close family and they all knew that if they expressed their own personal feelings it wouldnt leave that room. The target audience is whom the programme is directed to. I think that The Simpsons is directed to anyone as it has bright, funny cartoons, which is what children would like to see. They dont have to understand the speaking to understand the programme; you can tell whats happening by the actions and reactions of the characters. It is also targeted at adults because there are jokes about political issues and famous people that adults would understand and find funny. I think that The Royle Family is targeted at adults. It doesnt appeal to children as there arent bright colours, it hasnt got a busy atmosphere and there isnt enough slapstick, simple humour throughout for them to laugh at. Adults would find it funny because its just like real life; everything they say or do is just like a typical family, like our own. Both programmes are extremely popular in different ways. The Simpsons is funny because of the familys continuous sayings and jokes. The actions they do are so unrealistic that its just so funny and the family always have terrible things happening to them, but always manage to get through it. Homer Alone Homer loses Maggie but she is luckily found safe and sound just prior to the return of Marge. The Royle Family is popular because of the way it is filmed and presented. No extra lighting or special effects have been used to create a more exciting set. It is dull and just how it would be in a normal house. Its so realistic that it looks like there are hidden cameras in house and theyre just filming them without them knowing. It is popular because people enjoy watching people like themselves, they can see what real family life is like.

Dementia Needs, Types and Treatments

Dementia Needs, Types and Treatments Specific needs of the older person INTRODUCTION MAIN BODY Dementia is a term used to describe symptoms such as loss of memory, language, motor skills, judgment and other intellectual functions caused by permanent damage or death of the brains nerve cells. (Alzheimer’s foundation of America, 2014) Most dementias are reversible. Reversible dementias are caused by nutritional deficiencies or infection or from a bleed on the brain or the side effect of a medication; the symptoms of these dementias can be stopped or reversed as long as the underlying causes can be treated. Dementia consists of 3 stages: Early stage (difficulty concentrating, poor orientation, decreased memory, withdrawal from friends and family, poor socializing skills and denial of their symptoms) This stage usually lasts up to two years. Mid stage (major memory loss, client needs help carrying out their activities of daily living (ADLS), they can lose control of their bowels or bladder, ability to speak declines, agitation occurs, compulsions or anxiety) This stage lasts up to two and a half years. Late stage (people in this stage lose the ability to communicate or speak, they need assistance with nearly all their ADLS, they often lose the ability to walk) This stage usually lasts up to two and a half years. There are many types of dementia but I have listed the four major ones below and have given the physiological and psychological changes that occur for the older person with these dementias. Type of Dementia Physiological Psychological Client’s needs Alzheimer’s Problems with speaking. Decreased judgement. Difficulty solving problems or puzzles. Disorientation in familiar surroundings. Depression. Psychosis. Agitation. Sleep disorder. Resistance to care. Memory loss. Assess and reverse agitation factors. Memory therapy. Language therapy. Vascular Difficulty finding the right words. Confusion and disorientation. Aggressiveness. Memory loss. Depression. Slowness of taught. Hallucinations. Memory therapy. Speech therapy. Lewy body Confusion followed by alertness. Tremors. Shuffling gait. Rigidity. Fainting-loss of consciousness. Hallucinations in touch and feelings. Visual hallucinations. Sleep disorder. Aggression. Depression. Speech therapy. Physical therapy which includes gait training. Front temporal Language comprehension declines. Tongue tie occurs. Ability to read or write is impaired. Lack of co-ordination. Shaking. Balance problems. Eye twitching. Muscle spasms and rigidity. Inability to relate to people. Personality changes. Speech therapy. As a carer it is very important to understand the Lewy body dementia disease and its symptoms so that the appropriate treatments can be implemented. The carer should also act as an advocate to ensure the client with dementia Due to word limitations I will only be discussing Lewy body dementia in detail below. LEWY BODY DEMENTIA In the early 1900s scientist FREIDERICK H. LEWY discovered that the brains activities was disrupted by deposits of abnormal protein while he was researching Parkinson’s disease. The Lewy body proteins were found in the brain stem where they kill off the neurotransmitter Dopamine causing symptoms similar to Parkinson’s symptoms. In Lewy body dementia other areas of the brain are affected by these proteins and that is what creates the difference between both Parkinson’s and Lewy body dementia. When the protein attacks the brain chemical acetylcholine it causes the client to suffer disruption in their thinking, behaviour and perception. Lewy body dementia can be its own disease or it could act in conjunction with brain changes in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. This is why Lewy body disease can be miss diagnosed and the client ends up been told they have Parkinson’s disease instead. When diagnosing Lewy body dementia an experienced member of the multidisciplinary team should carry out a diagnostic evaluation of the client. This evaluation should include both physical and neurological examinations. The client should also be examined on their language skills, memory skills and their functioning skills. The client’s family should also be interviewed as they might have noticed changes in the client which would be helpful in their diagnosis. The client should also undergo a MRI or CT scan to determine what areas of the brain are affected. Blood tests may also help in the client’s clinical diagnosis. Lewy body dementia can only be conclusively diagnosed when the client has passed, through a post-mortem autopsy. Unfortunately there is no known cure for Lewy body dementia and treatment only relieves symptoms. People live up to seven years with the disease but some have lived up to twenty years with the disease. Medication is not always the best option for clients with Lewy body because what works with one client might not work for another client. It is also important to know that clients with Lewy body are extremely sensitive and may react negatively to medication. If using medication then there are different medications for the different symptoms. Cognitive symptoms Cholinesterase inhibitors (Aricept, Exelon, and Raza dyne) are used as they are drugs that increase the level of acetylcholine in the brain. Acetylcholine is a chemical which helps in memory and learning functions. These were developed to treat Alzheimer’s clients but it has been discovered they work better on Lewy body clients. Movement symptoms Levodopa is a drug which is also used on Parkinson’s clients. This medication is only used if the symptoms are severe. Visual hallucinations Antipsychotic medication (haloperidol) which are tranquillizers that block the dopamine receptors in the brain are used but only if the hallucinations are upsetting or disruptive as the side effects can be severe. Rem sleep behaviour disorder Melatonin or clonazepam medication can be used and have been proven to be very effective. â€Å"50% of clients with lewy body dementia who are treated with any antipsychotic medication may experience severe neuroleptic sensitivity, such as worsening cognition, heavy sedation, increased or possibly irreversible parkinsonism, or symptoms resembling neuroleptic malignant syndrome which can be fatal.† (Lewy body dementia association, 2014) Non-medical treatments Speech therapy This may help the client with their voice volume. It is also helpful in clients who have swallowing difficulties and may improve their facial muscular strength. Physical therapy This includes strengthening, flexibility and cardiovascular exercises as well as gait training. Occupational therapy This may help the client in promoting his independence and maintain their skills. Individual and family therapy This can be useful in managing emotional and behavioural symptoms and help with any concerns the family might have for the future. Support groups These are helpful for the client and the carers as they can help in day to day frustrations and provide emotional support for all.

Booker T. Washington Essay -- Essays Papers

Booker T. Washington 1856-1915, Educator Booker Taliaferro Washington was the foremost black educator of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He also had a major influence on southern race relations and was the dominant figure in black public affairs from 1895 until his death in 1915. Born a slave on a small farm in the Virginia backcountry, he moved with his family after emancipation to work in the salt furnaces and coal mines of West Virginia. After a secondary education at Hampton Institute, he taught an upgraded school and experimented briefly with the study of law and the ministry, but a teaching position at Hampton decided his future career. In 1881 he founded Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute on the Hampton model in the Black Belt of Alabama. Though Washington offered little that was innovative in industrial education, which both northern philanthropic foundations and southern leaders were already promoting, he became its chief black exemplar and spokesman. In his advocacy of Tuskegee Institute and its educational method, Washington revealed the political adroitness and accommodationist philosophy that were to characterize his career in the wider arena of race leadership. He convinced southern white employers and governors that Tuskegee offered an education that would keep blacks "down on the farm" and in the trades. To prospective northern donors and particularly the new self- made millionaires such as Rockefeller and Carnegie he promised the inculca...

Anomalies are Not Always Wrong :: Transexual Transvestite Essays

Anomalies are Not Always Wrong Transsexualism, as well as transvestism, has had a long yet obscure history. Bryan Tully in Accounting for Transsexualism and Transhomosexuality writes, "In Antiquity, Hippocrates considered transvestism in men to be an illness sent by the Gods" (1). His comments indicate how long transvestism has existed and been recognized. Tully also explains that the first report of transsexualism in medical history took place around 1853, yet neither transsexualism nor transvestism were scientifically researched until after the Second World War. Around the 1950's the most famous account of transsexualism, meaning an actual operation, occurred when a Danish man named George Jorgensen was surgically castrated to make him "feel" more like a woman. He also got his name changed to Christine Jorgensen. By using these accounts, it can be understood that these are not "new" fads, but true dilemmas that have their own history. Transsexualism and transvestism are variations from society's views of "normal" sexual behavior. These variations of the norm are explained as being disorders and are almost exclusively found in men. Transvestism is the activity of cross-dressing for sexual arousal from that specific object, whether it be clothing, shoes, or what. This can simply be called a fetish. The reasoning behind the few cases reported of female transvestism is explained in the following statement. "The culture apparently permits a greater range of fashion to women. The male transvestite wears female undergarments and uses makeup to achieve a female appearance" (Feinbloom 17). The only reason transvestites do not cross-dress for is to "transform themselves temporarily into an entity that more closely matches their own identity" (Brown 36). This is a description of why a transsexual would cross-dress. This is the difference between transvestites and transsexuals. Transvestites feel that their assigned gender is "correct" for them, and transsexuals do not feel that theirs is necessarily "correct". This mind and body incongruity of the transsexual has also been recently referred to as gender identity disorder (GID). Male cross-dressing can be divided into three groups: homosexual (attracted to the same sex) transvestites, heterosexual (attracted to the opposite sex) transvestites, and bisexual (attracted to both sexes) transvestites. Homosexual transvestites dress for egotistical reasons or to be sexually attractive to other men. Heterosexual transvestites are compulsive cross-dressers. In the beginning their cross-dressing is purely for erotic purposes. "To use as a measure of the sources of genital pleasure and self-identity, both the homosexual and heterosexual male transvestite see themselves as male and would be most uncomfortable at the thought of sex-reassignment surgery" (Feinbloom 18). Anomalies are Not Always Wrong :: Transexual Transvestite Essays Anomalies are Not Always Wrong Transsexualism, as well as transvestism, has had a long yet obscure history. Bryan Tully in Accounting for Transsexualism and Transhomosexuality writes, "In Antiquity, Hippocrates considered transvestism in men to be an illness sent by the Gods" (1). His comments indicate how long transvestism has existed and been recognized. Tully also explains that the first report of transsexualism in medical history took place around 1853, yet neither transsexualism nor transvestism were scientifically researched until after the Second World War. Around the 1950's the most famous account of transsexualism, meaning an actual operation, occurred when a Danish man named George Jorgensen was surgically castrated to make him "feel" more like a woman. He also got his name changed to Christine Jorgensen. By using these accounts, it can be understood that these are not "new" fads, but true dilemmas that have their own history. Transsexualism and transvestism are variations from society's views of "normal" sexual behavior. These variations of the norm are explained as being disorders and are almost exclusively found in men. Transvestism is the activity of cross-dressing for sexual arousal from that specific object, whether it be clothing, shoes, or what. This can simply be called a fetish. The reasoning behind the few cases reported of female transvestism is explained in the following statement. "The culture apparently permits a greater range of fashion to women. The male transvestite wears female undergarments and uses makeup to achieve a female appearance" (Feinbloom 17). The only reason transvestites do not cross-dress for is to "transform themselves temporarily into an entity that more closely matches their own identity" (Brown 36). This is a description of why a transsexual would cross-dress. This is the difference between transvestites and transsexuals. Transvestites feel that their assigned gender is "correct" for them, and transsexuals do not feel that theirs is necessarily "correct". This mind and body incongruity of the transsexual has also been recently referred to as gender identity disorder (GID). Male cross-dressing can be divided into three groups: homosexual (attracted to the same sex) transvestites, heterosexual (attracted to the opposite sex) transvestites, and bisexual (attracted to both sexes) transvestites. Homosexual transvestites dress for egotistical reasons or to be sexually attractive to other men. Heterosexual transvestites are compulsive cross-dressers. In the beginning their cross-dressing is purely for erotic purposes. "To use as a measure of the sources of genital pleasure and self-identity, both the homosexual and heterosexual male transvestite see themselves as male and would be most uncomfortable at the thought of sex-reassignment surgery" (Feinbloom 18).

The Bluest Eye Essay -- essays research papers

Beauty is something that a lot of people in life strive for , because everyone has fitted in their mind what exactly beauty is. People know that it can help you out in life. But what most people don’t know is that, beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Meaning that beauty should not be characterized by what people are told it is, beauty is different for everyone, what is beautiful for you may be ugly to someone else. The characters in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye are confronted with the ideal of beauty and strive for it whether they know it or not. The two characters that I think were followed the ideal of beauty in Toni Morrison’s story are Pauline and Pecola. In Toni Morrison’s story and in real life, beauty is described by people as having blond hair, blue eyes , perfect figure, etc. It’s been said that if you have good looks, you can make it in life with just looks alone. People only strive for becoming beautiful because they want attention. As is the case in Toni Morrison’s story. The characters in her story think that they are ugly , by others opinions of them , and want to become beautiful so they will be recognized and be the center of attention. But the harder both characters try, the worse things get. Pauline strived for beauty because she wanted to attention and wanted to be beautiful. Pauline seemed to have just worse case of bad luck, when she was a child she stepped on a nail and she was left with a limp forever. "The wound lef...

Recruit Select and Induct Staff

PROJECT 1 RECRUIT, SELECT AND INDUCT STAFF Introduction Baker’s Delight is Australia’s most successful bakery in Melbourne CBD. Over the past 20 years, this Australian owned Company has grown over 70 bakeries across the Melbourne. Every day, in every bakery, Baker’s Delight bakers create a range of traditional and gourmet breads. All products are baked from scratch, fresh daily on the premises. Baker’s Delight is distinctive in appearance, branding, product quality and customer experience. The company’s philosophy underpins every action: Best Environment, Best Service, and Delightful Product.The mission of Baker’s Delight brand has been built on our commitment to the quality of our product, the development of our people and the delight which the combination of these two elements brings to our customers. ORGINISATIONAL CHART: Manager Manager Head Chef/ Head Baker Head Chef/ Head Baker Sue Chef Sue Chef Baker Baker Baker Baker Receptionist Rece ptionist Apprentice Baker Apprentice Baker Head Waiter Head Waiter Chef de Partie Chef de Partie Trainer Trainer Waiter Waiter Apprentice Apprentice Trainer TrainerApprentice Apprentice Trainer Trainer The Objectives of the Bakeries are:- * Having a passion for fresh, delightful bread. * Creating delight with every one of our customers. * Creating an environment which promotes growth for all stakeholders, in the areas of wealth creation, learning, and personal development. * Providing a sense of fair play toward all stakeholders within taste bakery. * Promoting openness between all stakeholders. * Ensuring all stakeholder activity adds value. * Ensuring all stakeholder activity sells more bread.Reasons for Recruitment According to our HR policies, the recruitment and selection process begins for the vacant position. The position is vacant due to many reasons. One of our Baker, who had been working with us for the last 6 years has decided to go back to India to open up his own cateri ng business. So now Baker’s Delight needs a new Baker. Also we have vacancies for Part Time and Casual Staff for Front Desk and in Production Area. We need some Extra staff for these positions, as our customers are increasing.Job Analysis Job analysis is detailed and systematic study of job, it can be defined as a process of determining by observation and study the task, which comprise the job, the methods and equipment that are essential for the job and the skills and attitudes that are required for successful performance of the job. * What is the main objective of job, why the position does exists * What is the main purpose of the job? * Job title, location, date, job summary * Duties, responsibilities, skills and specific tasks * Have relevant qualification, experiences Skills and abilities * Knowledge of relevant work tasks and working environment. Job Description of a Baker * Check production schedule to determine variety and quantity of goods to bake. * Measure and mix ingredients to form dough or batter, following recipes. * Roll, cut, and shape dough to form rolls, pie crusts, tarts, cookies, and related products. * Cut, peel, and prepare fruit for pie fillings. * Place dough in pans, molds, or on sheets and bake in oven. * Observe products while cooking and adjust controls. Mix icings and other toppings and decorate cakes, pastries and other baked goods. * Use a variety of kitchen tools, including electric mixers, pans, rolling pins, and cutting tools. * May develop new recipes. Job Specification It is a statement of minimum acceptable qualities required for proper performance for the job. It has a written record of physical, mental, social, psychological, and behavioral characteristics of a person should poses in order to perform the job effectively. For ex, for the job of pastry cook minimum certificate III and 1 year working experience is must.It is a statement of employee characteristics and qualifications required for satisfactory duties a nd tasks comprising a specific job or function. Selection Criteria Our selection criteria policy is a task to draw up a description of ideal applicant. This is the statement that describes the qualifications, knowledge, skills, abilities, and experience that are required for a job. Examples of criteria that employers are often interested in, include: * Ability to communicate effectively * Leadership skills * Team work skills * Willingness to learn * Ability to solve problemsSelection Criteria of a Baker To be considered for this Role, you need to be able to meet the following Selection Criteria:- * Ability to be available for work across the 7 days of the week, which may include evening work and some public holidays (starting times can be as early as 3am) * Work in a fast-paced team environment * Communicate with customers and staff * Portray a positive attitude * Complete duties as directed by your manager/supervisor * Abide by company policies and procedures at all times * Proved evidence of your trade qualification Train, develop and supervise apprentices and staff in the Bakery Department * Have an eye for detail * Only applicants with previous experience as a Baker will be considered for this role. Personal Attributes The criteria of the company's personal specification list must be measurable, specific and justifiable according to the position. This means that the company cannot ask unrealistic expectations of those looking to fill the position. Once these specifications are outlined, they must be followed for each individual that applies for the job, meaning they cannot be changed from applicant to applicant. ————————————————- knowledge of bakery products and ingredients * ————————————————- skill in baking, icing and cake decorating * ————————————————- knowledge of mixing and baking processes * ————————————————- skill using mechanical mixing and baking equipment * ————————————————- knowledge of health and safety regulations * ————————————————- rganizational skills * ————————————————- communication skills * ————————————————- Basic math’s skills. Advertising A job advertisement is placed when a vacancy arises within a company or organization. Advertisement 1 Bakers Wanted * Start ASAP * Melbourne CBD * $20hr + paid overtime! Our client is looking for additional Bakers to help with the growing production of baking goods. You will be working alongside professionals in a friendly and dynamic team.To apply contact our manager or send your resume on following e-mail address- [email  protected] com Contact no. 0456728357 Baker * Melbourne CBD * Qualified Baker | | Baker’s Delight Group is a premium food business encompassing the manufacture and retail of French / European style breads, cakes and pastries. Our one employee is leaving and we are seeking a qualified Baker to join our teamDuties -Setting up and running a semi industrial line, mixing and weight up workHours:   5. 0am   –   2. 00 pm  Ideally, you will have * 2 years + Bakery experience * Qualified Baker * Quality focused * Reliable and pound of t he finished productIs it time for a new challenge and broaden your experience at the same time. We look forward to your application To apply contact our manager or send your resume on following e-mail address- [email  protected] om Contact no. 0456728357 | Baker * Melbourne CBD * Qualified Baker | | Baker’s Delight Group is a premium food business encompassing the manufacture and retail of French / European style breads, cakes and pastries. Our one employee is leaving and we are seeking a qualified Baker to join our teamDuties -Setting up and running a semi industrial line, mixing and weight up workHours:   5. 00am   –   2. 0 pm  Ideally, you will have * 2 years + Bakery experience * Qualified Baker * Quality focused * Reliable and pound of the finished productIs it time for a new challenge and broaden your experience at the same time. We look forward to your application To apply contact our manager or send your resume on following e-mail address- [email  p rotected] com Contact no. 0456728357 |Advertisement 2 Advertisement 2 Part Time ;Casual Positions for Front Desk and in Production Area Vacancies exist for highly motivated people to join our busy, hardworking team. Applicants should have proven experience in food preparation handling, strong customer service/communication skills and be able to work quickly. Ability to work in a team or alone is essential. Casual applicants must be available some Saturdays and during busy times within the hours of 6am to 6pm week days. Part time hrs is from 11am to 6pm Monday to Friday.Please send your written application and resume at the following e-mail address: [email  protected] com Contact no. 0456728357 PROCESS OF RECRUITMENTWe have given the advertisement for these two jobs in The Leader and on Employment website. We also advertise these in our company by sending mail to our different department because sometime we have some casual and part time employees who have the related skill and exp erience in same field. After given the advertisement we get response from so many candidates for these jobs. They send us resume.For the selection of right candidates we follow the following process:- SORTING By this process we select that candidate who fulfils our requirements. Sometime people send their resume without checking requirements of given advertisement. We select 50 candidates who fulfill our requirements. We send them interview letters to conduct interview. FIRST INTERVIEW OF SELECTED CANDIDATECandidate who receive the interview letter come for the interview. This interview conducts by the management members.In this interview we just check that if the candidate has related experience, how is his/her communication skills, about the qualification and introduction of candidate. Management members call the candidates one by one and interviewing them. They have the interview checklist according to marks they select some candidate for the further process on the basis of check list marks. SHORT LISTIn this interview management members select 30 people on the basis of their communication skills, qualification etc. SECOND INTERVIEWThis interview is held after short list. In this interview 20 selected candidate take part.In this MD ask some questions related to job and sometime it is performance based. MD ask the following question to the every candidate INTERVIEW CHECKLIST In this checklist interviewer check the candidate’s skill, qualification, experience. Attributes etc. and compare it with other candidates. In the last, total the marks of every candidate and give the priority to that get the high score. QUALITIES| CANDIDATE A| CANDIDATE B| TOTAL MARKS| ATTRIBUTES| | | | SKILLS| | | |QUALIFICATION| | | | EXPERIENCE| | | | In the second interview we select 10 people. 5 for Baker’s job and 5 for part time staff for Front Desk and for Production Area. FINAL INTERVIEWFor this interview we selected the 20march and sent the letter of interviewing date to the selected candidates. On the above day, in the interview, Manager of Bakery will ask some important questions to the candidates which is the best part about asking requirement . Then we select the best candidate for the above positions.In this interview the candidate will be asked about police check and requirement of company like permanent residency or if he/ she has valid working visa etc. In this interview we select the Renu Rai as a Baker, Lee Williamson as a part time staff for Front Desk and Shiv Kumar for Production Area.. Application 1 COVER LETTER Name- Address-Contact no-Email- Dear Sir/Madam,I have enclosed my resume to provide you with an overview of my experience.I have done Certificate III in Food Processing (Retail Baking and Patisserie). Now I am pursuing Diploma in Business Management. I have experience of packing, loading, unloading and customer service. I am working with IKEA in Richmond. I am confident and well disciplined with a desire to work in pati sserie field. I am quite willing to become a baker. I wish to build on my achievements and take on a position as a Baker in this area. I would be very pleased to discuss my application further with you at your convenience.The above information and contents are true to the best of my knowledge and belief and nothing has been concealed there in. Yours sincerely,———- RESUMECONTACT DETAILSNAME – ADDRESS – MOBILE – EMAIL – CAREEER OBJECTIVESSUMMARY – TO SECURE A MANAGEMENT POSITION IN A HIGH GROWTH COMPANY WITH CONSIDERABLE ADVANCEMENT OPPURTUNITIES. IDEALY , IN A BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT CAPACITY WITH EMPHASIS ON STRATEGIC PLANNING.EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIION * INSTITUTE – DELLA INTERNATIONAL COLLEGECITY/COUNTRY – MELBOURNE / AUSTRALIA QUALIFICATIONS – CERTIFICATE III IN FOOD PROCESSING (RETAIL BAKING AND PATISSERIE) AND DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT * INSTITUTE – NATIONAL COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYCI TY/COUNTRY – MUKATSAR / INDIAQUALIFICATIONS – POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONSCOMPLETE – APRIL 2009 * INSTITUTE – PUNJAB UNIVERSITY CHANDIGARH CITY / COUNTRY – MUKATSAR / INDIA QUALIFICATIIONS – BATCHELOR IN ARTS COMPLETE – 2006EMPLOYMENT HISTORYPizza at Home , BraesideSTART DATE – 1st of June,2010 END DATE – 15th of August,2010TITLE – ASSISTANT BAKERRESPONSIBILITIES – MAKING DOUGH FOR PIZZAS AND PREPARE THEIR TOPPINGSMOORABBIN DRY CLEANERSSTART DATE – 1ST JANUARY , 2 009END DATE – 30th MARCH , 2010TITLE – DRY CLEANER AND IRONERRESPONSIBILITIES – ALL DUTIES -IRONING , WASHING AND DRYCLEAN CLOTHES ,CLEANING AND ATTEND CUSTOMERSKIEV BAKE HOUSE MOORABBINSTART DATE – 20TH OF OCTOBER 2009 END DATE – 10TH OF JANUARY 2010Title – 2 MONTHS EXPERIENCE AS A BAKER RESPONSIBILITIES – PACKING AND CUTTING OF BREAD AND CLEANING SHOPBAWARCHI INDIAN RESTAU RANTSTART DATE – 25TH NOVEMBER 2009END DATE – 28TH MARCH 2010TITLE –KITCHEN HANDLING ; FRONT AT DESK ; WAITRESSRESPONSIBILITIES – ATTEND CUSTOMERS AND SERVE FOODRAPID PACK CLAYTONSTART DATE – 1ST SEPTEMBER 2009END DATE – 31ST OF DECEMBER 2009TITLE – PACKER RESPONSIBILITIES – PACKING CHOCOLATES AND OTHER GIFT ITEMSSKILL SUMMARY NON TECHNICIAN SKILLS : TEAM BUILDING ; NEGOTIATION and STRONG ANALYTICAL SKILLCOMPUTER SKILLS : MICROSOFT WORD ; EXCEL ; ACCESS ; VB SCRIPT; JAVA SCRIPT ; WEB TECHNOLOGY ; RDBMS ; COMPUTER NETWORKING ; LANGUAGES : C ; C++INTERESTS MUSIC ; READING ; PLAYING ; COOKING; WATCHING MOVIES ; TRAVEL REFERENCES * CHARLES AZZOPADO (CABINET MAKER) (FINE LINE CABINETS 34-37 INDUSTRIAL DRIVE , SUNSHINE) CONTACT NO- 0416143072 * PAM TANDON (BAKER) CONTACT NO -0425004500 * JOGRAG SINGH (BAKER) ( WOOLWORTS, AIRPORT WEST) CONTACT NO- 0458693259 Interview: Interviews are more likely to be professional and effective if the y are well prepared. Committee members should prepare questions prior to the interviews.Questions should be based on the selection criteria and all applicants should be asked the same core questions. In preparing questions, committee members should take care to ensure that questions do not give rise to a breach of discrimination laws. What to ask? The Questions should be: *    Based on the selection criteria as specified in the position. * Focused on the skills, experience and knowledge required for the job. *    Assess the experience of the applicant in carrying out tasks relevant to the criteria. What not to ask? * Are you married? * Do you have children? * Have you been diagnosed as having a mental illness? * Where do you go to church? * Where you were born? Interview Questions On the day of the interview, it is recommended that the selection committee meet approximately 30 minutes prior to the commencement of the first interview to discuss the interview format. It is recomme nded that during the interview, the selection committee will ask the following Questions to Candidate: 1. Please elaborate about your qualifications, experience and skills? 2. Tell us something about the roles and responsibilities that you had in your previous positions? 3. Explain how you would be an asset to this organization? 4. How do you get along with your Co-Workers? 5. What is more important for you among high salary, job recognition and advancement? 6. Do you have your own transport? 7. Can you start early in morning? 8. Can you do work in a team? 9. Can you able to do overtime shifts in busy days? 10.Can you able to do a roaster shifts? 11. Are you willing to commence work at Short Notice? 12. Do you have Basic Computer Skills and good communication Skills? 13. Are you willing and able to go through and pass a national Police Check? 14. Are you willing to go through and pass a Medical Examination? 15. Do you have your own Safety Boots and Vest? Receiving application â€⠀œ According to our human resource policy after advertising policy, we receive the applications of the candidates. It is a duty of one of our officials is to determine that how many applications have been received. After receiving applications we have installed software to provide real time access and feedback.It gives reliable results and saves time Reference Check Policy After interview we do a reference check policy to check the applicant’s work history or credibility. Often only the reference of the successful applicant are checked this is the getting of the opinion of someone for whom the candidate has worked for in the past can be extremely helpful. TEMPLATE OF REFERENCE CHECK: – Date Reference check for Position applied for Referee name Title/company Phone Candidate role in company Time period of Employment of Candidate Rejection Letter According to hr policy we always send a rejection letter to those candidates who are unsuccessful for the position.This process is done to inform the applicants about the results and it shows the professionalism of our tea Rejection Letter Template Applicant Name: Street Address: City: Dear ——-, Thank You for the opportunity to meet with you and discuss your qualifications for the position of a Baker. While we were impressed with your background and experience, we have concluded that another candidate's qualifications more closely match our requirements. We sincerely regret that we cannot offer you employment in our bakery at this time. You have our best wishes for success in locating the career opportunity you strive towards. We will retain your resume in our files to review for future openings for up to six months.In the event of an appropriate available position, we will not hesitate to contact you. Regards ———— Offer of Employment Once the decision has been taken the successful candidate has been informed by offer of employment, which includes the following:- * Congratulations for the employment * Confirm start date, salary and other relevant information * Position acceptance * Joining time * Annual leave * Warm regards Offer letter Address: City : Date : Candidate Name: Address : City : Dear ——-, Baker’s Delight is pleased to offer you the position of baker. In this position you will be reporting to John.The starting salary offered for this position is $50,000 annually, paid every two weeks. Your acceptance of this offer and commencement of employment with the Company are contingent upon your execution of the Company’s standard form of Confidential Information and invention Assignment Agreement (the â€Å"Confidentiality Agreement†), a copy of which is enclosed for your review and execution, prior to or on your Start Date. On your first day of employment, you will be provided with additional information about the objectives and policies, benefit programs and general employment conditions. To fulfill fed eral identification requirements, you should bring documentation to support your identity and eligibility to work in the Australia.We are pleased to have you join the Baker’s Delight team as a member of what we feel is an organization that offers each employee an opportunity for personal and professional development. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me at . We look forward to working with you in the future, and hope you will find your employment at Baker’s Delight a rewarding experience. Baker’s Delight ACCEPTED AND AGREED: By: ——- ___ _______________ Signature Date: 8 Nov 2010 ______________________ Name _________ ____________ Title By: _____________________________ Date: __________________ Candidate Signature _____________________________________ Name InductionOnce a new employee has been hired, he or she needs to be introduced into the workplace, make him familiar about the working area this is induction policy. Accor ding to our hr policy the new staff and staff are systematically introduced to their jobs, co-workers and the organization and provided with the information required to succeed and develop in their new role. This will be achieved by: * Welcoming new staff and familiarizing them with the workplace, Goals and strategic directions; significant policies and procedures; relevant staff; the new employee's work location. * providing information to enable new staff to perform their responsibilities and assist any workplace adjustment; and * Encouraging commitment to the Goals of the bakery. * OHS PolicyAn OHS Policy is simply a method of stating how you, your employees, and visitors are expected to behave when they are on Company property or performing Company related activities. As an employer you are required by law to provide a ‘safe system of work'. This means you need a method of communicating, duplicating and implementing a safe way of working. The basis for this process begins with your Occupational Health and Safety Policy GENERAL INDUCTION PROGRAM Duration| Description| Who’s in charge? | 1hour| Describe a Bakery| RestaurantManager| 15 min| Cash register| Cash Manager| 1 hour| Products| Sales Manager| 30 minutes| Introduction with Workers| RestaurantManager| Emergency control organization for building A policy on the control of emergencies and critical incidents .This policy outlines the structures and functions put in place for the management of emergencies and critical incidents at taste bakery. * Non smoking policy Smoking is strictly banned on the premises accordance with the non smoking act. Staff is allowed to smoke only in the car park. It keeps the workplace environment smoke free. * Safety and security policy Bakers Delight aims for excellence in workplace health and safety, and is committed to ensuring the health, safety and well-being of its staff and customers. Workplace health and safety is both an individual and a shared responsibil ity. Its success depends on commitment from all members of the staff. NoteAnalyze strategic and operational plans and policy to identify relevant policies and objectives In our bakery we have both strategic and operational plans which make our work more efficient. By following the strategic policy we have planned to open our new franchise in the next three months and to work effectively in our daily routine work we try to improve our skills. Utilize appropriate technology to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the recruitment/ selection process: While developing our Policies and Procedures to make it more effective and efficient. We try to take help from different media sources, news agencies, in order to short listing and interviewing, candidates. We use HR management advanced technology software.Trial and measure against your objective, all forms, procedures and induction processes The objective of our firm is to recruit the best team of employees because it helps to incre ase the profit of our bakery. Our induction policy is quiet easy and simple to selected new employees and in a very short time they can understand their duties completely. INDUCTION CHECKLIST VENUE:| INDUCTION DATE:| INDUCTION CONDUCTED BY:| ATTENDIES:| ————————————————- WELCOME NEW EMPLOYEE Yes No ————————————————- INTRODUCTION OF COMPANY Yes No ————————————————- COMPANY ORGANIZATION Yes No ————————————————-OHS REQUIRMENT Yes No ——————————————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- LUNCH Yes No ————————————————- COMPANY TOUR Yes No ————————————————- SIGNING PAPER Yes No ————————————————- POSITION REQUIRMENT Yes No ————————————————- INTRODUCTION TO CONCERNED Yes No DEPARTMENT ————————————————- ROSTER PROVIDED Yes No SIGNATURE:

Frederick Herzberg Essay

Frederick Herzberg’s two-factor theory, also called the motivator-hygiene theory. This theory has identifies that there are hygiene factors that can lead to job dissatisfaction but if a hygiene factor is improved it does not improve job satisfaction. Examples of these hygiene factors in the workplace are organizational policies, quality of supervision, working conditions, wage or salary, relationships with peers, relationships with subordinates, status and security. Improving one of these factors such as salary cannot make a person more satisfied with their job it just satisfies that aspect. The other half of Herzberg’s two factor theory is motivator factors, which are ways to achieve job satisfaction. Motivator factors are related to what people actually do in a day’s work. The presence or absence of these motivators changes an employee’s view of their job. Examples of these motivator factors are achievement, recognition, the work itself, responsibility, advancement, and growth. Job dissatisfaction can result from these when they are low. But to enrich these factors will result in higher job satisfaction unlike in the hygiene factors. Essentially in order to properly motivate employees improving salaries and working conditions does not work, an employer has to improve the quality of the job, the quality of the work and the quality of the goal. In the article The Best Places to Launch a Career one can see facets of Herzberg’s two-factor theory at work with big companies trying to attract the Generation Y’ers, which make up approximately 78 million people who will be entering the workforce from 2004 to 2022. The first of course is salary. Companies have raised base salaries in order to attract prospective employees but this is not the main drawing point as shown later in the article. Higher salaries is just an example of a hygiene factor that while maintained well will continue to keep employees from becoming dissatisfied. The rest of the article addresses motivator factors. Companies have begun to appeal to the next generation of employees by â€Å"making themselves more transparent, flexible, responsive, even nurturing. † By doing this they are drawing employees of the Generation Y traits more agreeable to the motivator factor side of Herzberg’s theory. These traits being inherent in this generation such as having high expectations for their job and their peers, demanding meaningful work, wanting constructive feedback from their peers and employers, and most importantly they want to be in a position of influence. In order to address these traits the article addresses several companies that are rethinking the way they are handling this generation that does not shy away from discipline and who demand authenticity. For example, the article states that New York Life Insurance recently discovered that only 3% of corporate interns accepted positions with their company. To change this they took away all the perks and instead gave them more strict expectations, gave them business etiquette classes, and a challenge to brainstorm new marketing strategies for the company which was later used in a advertising campaign. When New York Life changed its strategy they incorporated the motivating factors such as giving more meaningful work, responsibly, and recognition through the brainstorming for the company, growth through etiquette classes, and an all over enrichment of the job and their personal careers. Another example is JPMorgan Chase & Company is changing how it attracts prospective Gen Y employees. Rather than flash money signs and bonus amounts as incentives, they are giving a more realistic view of what it means to be employed with the company. To do this, the article states, that they allowed a New York University film grad to follow three fellow Generation Y employees though their days at work in a documentary style film. The result being that prospective employees will have a realistic view of duties and the work that goes into obtaining the annual bonus. Yet again appealing to the motivation factor of the two-factor theory but not completely ignoring the importance of the hygiene factors. In summation, the article addresses that the Generation Y does not want just money or perks such as free lunches and on-site massages like Google Inc. offers but they want a chance to grow, a chance to achieve, a chance to do something meaningful and accept all the responsibility that comes with it. Google appeals to this aspect by giving employees one day a week to brainstorm new ideas for the company. Herzberg’s two-factor theory, while being debated by scholars on its merits because of its difficulty to be verifiable through additional research, seems to be a very viable theory that can in one way or another be applied to any work place and results of more satisfied employees will be seen. Herzberg said it all when he said â€Å"If you want people to do a good job, give them a good job to do. † Reinforcement theory defined by the textbook is the administration of consequence as a result of behavior. Therefore if you want a behavior to continue you positively enforce it by giving positive rewards or if you want a negative behavior to stop you administer a negative consequence. By using reinforcement strategies people can be taught a behavior or have a behavior enforced through classical conditioning by associating a behavior with a desired result. These strategies include positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement is the administration of positive consequences that tend to increase the likelihood of repeating the desirable behavior in a similar setting. In this is the law of contingent reinforcement that states for a reward to have maximum reinforcing value, it must only be delivered if the desired behavior is exhibited. Rewards can be given either continuously or intermittently and both have different results in changing a behavior. Continuous reinforcement teaches what behavior is desired more quickly than intermittent reinforcement but behaviors under intermittent reinforcement are lasts longer. Negative reinforcement is the withdrawal of negative consequences, which tends to increase the likelihood of repeating the behavior in a similar setting. Essentially behavior is reinforced by not receiving the punishment or avoiding a negative consequence. Punishment reduces the likelihood of a person repeating the behavior but the punishment has to fit the negative behavior. Arbitrary punishment can lead to dissatisfaction in a person and therefore just increase low performance. Extinction is the withdrawal of reinforcing consequences of a given behavior resulting in the frequency of the behavior being reduced. The article RAZR’S edge is wholly an example of reinforcement theory. A team of 20 or so people secretly toils on a new phone that will be a high end toy for the rich and ends up making a blockbuster phone that is so slim it redefines phone size for an entire industry. The resulting phone ended up being huge mass market phone that sold over 50 million units in approximately two years. The team members were then asked to appear at a meeting at company headquarters where they received not only a natural reward in the form of a standing ovation but were rewarded with a large amount of stock options. Therefore the team members were positively rewarded with a contrived reward of stocks for a job well done. In breaking the article down, one can also see some other examples of positive consequences for behavior at Motorola. The first example being Motorola’s Geoffrey Frost, credited with coming up with the marketing campaign â€Å"Hello Moto† and bringing the company back into good standing with consumers being promoted to executive vice president. His hard work was rewarded with a contrived reward of higher pay and position in the company as well as natural rewards of compliments, special projects, and recognition. The second example in the article is the team leader Jellicoe who had previously worked on another successful phone being given a special project to create the thinnest phone and to do it in a restricted time frame. He was positively rewarded for a previous job well done with a natural reward of being given a special project to work on. He was also rewarded by being able to assemble his own team to work on this new project and was given autonomy to work on the project in secret from the rest of the company. The third example of positive reinforcement in the article is the team that was assembled to design the phone. It was a team of 20 engineers who had shown talent before in other projects. These engineers received a natural reward for jobs well done in the past and for continually exhibiting behaviors such as creativity and the ability to continue to innovate at Motorola by being asked to be on this special project where they would have the liberty to completely redesign a phone that would change the phone market at the time. The fourth example of positive reinforcement is when Jellicoe sets up a competition among five of the engineers with who can come up with the best design to solve a technical challenge with a design complication. The result being Tadd Scarpelli coming up with the best solution to the problem and his reward being that his design was the one used for the phone as well as the recognition for a problem well solved, therefore reinforcing the positive behavior of thinking critically and being creative. The article RAZR’S edge is wholly a look at positive reinforcement in the form of both natural and contrived rewards for a team who made the seemingly impossible. But when broken down there are many examples of how past behaviors were rewarded with special jobs, recognition, and compensation. As the article says, Scarpelli to this day still approaches strangers and asks them if they like â€Å"his† phone which seems to be the ultimate reward. According to the textbook, expectancy theory argues that work motivation is determined by individual beliefs regarding effort/performance relationships and work outcomes. Breaking this theory down is that people will do what they can do when they want to do it. There are three factors that go into expectancy theory. Netflix through has set its company up to create an environment where when expectancy theory comes into play it has a high value on its ability to obtain, retain, and motivate its employees to keep innovating new strategies in order to keep it number one in on-line movie rentals. The first factor being expectancy, which is the probability that work effort will be followed by performance accomplishment. Essentially this will have a higher value the more a person is certain that the level of performance expected can be achieved. The second is instrumentality which is the probability that performance will lead to various work outcomes. This second factor like the first is given a number the higher the number the more certain the person is that an achievement will receive various outcomes. The last is valence which is the value to the individual of various work outcomes. This factor is also given a value the higher the value the more desirable the outcome is to the person. When these three are set up as an equation where motivation equals expectancy times instrumentality times valence as factors approach a zero value the less motivational appeal there is to do a certain task. When reading the article Netflix: Flex to the Max one can use expectancy theory to explain the success Netflix has had motivating its employees. First and foremost are the expectations and goals set by the founder Reed Hastings. He clearly states what he wants from his employees such as hard work, high performance, uniting them on one focused goal, and giving them the freedom to achieve it. He hires the best of the best and will immediately let them go if performance is not excellent. By setting clear goals that each individual is certain that the level of performance expected can be achieved there is a high value in an individual’s expectancy factor. At Netflix an individual’s instrumentality value will also be high as once the performance is achieved the various outcomes are desirable. Secondly, Hastings offers employees high salaries, unlimited vacations, and freedom to create their own compensation packages. The third part of the equation, being valence, will also be high for an individual at Netflix. Working for a company that not only gives them the freedom to work on their own schedule while expecting excellence but encourages them to hire three people they loved working with which creates a better workplace for all employees. While this places a positive value on why valance is high for an individual at Netflix, a negative one is that if one doesn’t live up to expectations they are swiftly shown the door. Therefore, wanting a positive outcome is more desirable in order to stay at a company that pays well and expects excellence but gives large amounts of freedom. When all these factors in expectancy theory are so well laid out from clearly set goals, which have to be attained in order to maintain the various outcomes that range from unlimited vacation to major stock options, and the desirability to make Netflix a great work environment by bringing in people one wants to work with again. Motivation with all of these factors in place is high and the motivation to continue to be employed there is higher therefore Netflix is becoming more successful in retaining the types of employees it needs to stay ahead in the on-line movie rental business. The textbook defines the self-concept as the view individuals have of themselves as physical, social, spiritual or moral beings. The self-concept in humans embodies several different aspects such as personality traits, values, attitudes and believes, and behavior. In order to change the self-concept there are several steps that need to be accomplished for an overall change. First being self examination, which is a self evaluation to isolate discrepancies in one’s self-concept and then having the desire to work on changing them. The second step being a self expectation where one sets goals for themselves and places the according demands in order to reach these goals. Third, is self-direction which is taking responsibility for oneself by monitoring and adjusting through insight and growth. Lastly, is self-realization where one has reached the full potential, are willing to take risks, and will venture out to make new opportunities. When looking at General Electric’s methods for training their leaders it shows that they realize self-concept is important and that it is not easy to change and develop. Recognizing and evaluating leadership capability on day one of employment is a new concept that they are working with also because they believe in changing and nurturing leaders earlier will create a larger pool of talented people that can only improve the company. It is because of these two important realizations that GE funds its Crotonville facility. It is from this facility that its future leaders are molded, strengthened and trained. This campus while expensive is funded through good times and bad because of their belief that human capital is the most important thing they can keep working on. Not only because helping people learn to change their self-concept to make them the best leader possible but because, as the article states, companies that provide people with opportunities to learn and grow become talent magnets. Another practice that GE has that helps develop the self-concept besides its training facility is that they believe changing up job assignments allows people to hone and discover new talents instead of just assigning them at what they are good at. Therefore, they get more well-rounded leaders, managers, and workers. For example, the article gives John Dineen who is in Erie, Pa. There he is learning many facets of the company, such as, how to deal with customers, labor negotiations, and the companies supply chain, Dineen is learning through GE’s idea that feedback is key so employees learn how they have performed and then mentor, support and train their employees to help them improve key skills. The article also points out that while you can try to coerce people into doing what a company wants by firing and demoting it just does not work in this day and age. General Electric’s programs for training and improving its future leaders is very much about changing and working with self-concept. In the self-examination step, they evaluate employees early to recognize what behaviors they have as good and which ones need to be honed. Then employees accept not only feedback but mentoring, a trip to Crotonville for extensive training and courses in making them the best leaders possible. They set goals in order to work on what is weak not improve what is good. GE recognizes the importance of giving people a chance to change and work on their lesser traits rather than reinforce already strong ones. Well-rounded employees that can think on their feet take risks, and will venture out to try new jobs and ideas, are what makes GE’s program so great. GE is not just training employees but creating strong confident talented leaders who can take on anything even if it is to be a leader in another company. The relationship between satisfaction, performance and rewards can be described in three arguments. One argument is that satisfaction causes performance which is if job satisfaction causes high levels of performance, he answer is to increase employees’ work performance to make them happy. Another argument is that performance causes satisfaction which is that if high levels of performance cause job satisfaction, the answer is to give attention to helping people achieve high performance and then job satisfaction would be high as well. The hitch in this argument is that if job performance is high but an individual feels that the reward is not equal to performance then job s atisfaction will not continue to be high. The third argument is rewards cause both satisfaction and performance. This argument states that properly rewarding employees can positively influence both performance and satisfaction. I personally believe the best overall argument is the last one, that rewards cause both satisfaction and performance. The average person does not go to a job thinking if I do my best today the reward will be greater satisfaction at the work place but I go to work for the money. While performing well may equal satisfaction on a personal level if the job well done is not recognized by a reward people become discouraged, even if the only reward is a raise. In accordance with Herzberg’s two-factor theory rewards also may not be monetary but a new job assignment or more freedom to move about in a job unsupervised can be a reward as well. Knowing that you are trusted to do a job well done can be extremely rewarding. Therefore rewards cause satisfaction and job performance. Netflix has the best example of rewards causing both satisfaction and performance. While Netflix gives rewards more upfront than most companies the incentive to keep these rewards by hard work and above average performance. For a Netflix employee high salaries, unlimited vacation, freedom to get the work done and do the job you were hired to do because you are good at it are all rewards. They realize if job performance does not live up to expectations they will be shown the door. The employees of Netflix have great amounts of job satisfaction because they realize that it is a great place to work because of the rewards they receive for doing the job they were hired to do exceptionally well. Also shown in the article The Best Places to Launch a Career attracting Generation Y employees is based on the argument rewards cause both performance and satisfaction. The article touches on the fact that Generation Y does not just want to come to work, do the job, and go home. They want an opportunity to work hard, have new assignments, develop themselves and have a chance to advance in the work place. All of these being rewards to cause high performance and satisfaction. In the article Dan Black states â€Å"If you don’t make an effort to provide and environment in which this generation can do their best, they’re going to find one where they can. If a job is done well by an employee they may feel personal satisfaction but that can only be for so long before they begin looking for the benefit of their hard work. Even in a volunteer position the reward is free, it is seeing the benefit of your work reflected in others. Volunteers feel personal satisfaction of where they volunteer and perform well because the reward is high. If there was n o reward to volunteering people would be less inclined to do it. All of these points continue to cause me to believe that rewards cause both satisfaction and performance. Without being rewarded whether it be monetary or just seeing the benefit of a job well done in a volunteer aspect people will discontinue to be satisfied in the area they are working in and performance will slack. The age old question of â€Å"what’s in it for me? † says it all. No one does anything without personal benefit. Without reward what would be the point of performing well, without reward nothing would be satisfying, and without performance and satisfaction a firm could only produce poor quality work.